Causes, consequences, and reversal of immune system aging

Causes, consequences, and reversal of immune system aging.

The effects of aging on the immune system are manifest at multiple levels that include reduced production of B and T cells in bone marrow and thymus and diminished function of mature lymphocytes in secondary lymphoid tissues. As a result, elderly individuals do not respond to immune challenge as robustly as the young. An important goal of aging research is to define the cellular changes that oc...

Causes and Consequences of Male Infertility

Introduction: Infertility has various and innumerable causes, which pointing them out one by one is difficult and out of the scope of this paper. Infertility causes are different between males and females, and each case requires a separate and thorough research. The present study aimed to identify the male infertility causes. Methods: This study was conducted using a qualitative method, which ...

Structural brain changes in aging: courses, causes and cognitive consequences.

The structure of the brain is constantly changing from birth throughout the lifetime, meaning that normal aging, free from dementia, is associated with structural brain changes. This paper reviews recent evidence from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies about age-related changes in the brain. The main conclusions are that (1) the brain shrinks in volume and the ventricular system expands i...

New payment system designs: causes and consequences

Over the past decade the most popular design for high-value payment systems has changed, reflecting market needs and the concerns of central banks for systemic stability. Before 1990 most systems were designed on a deferred net settlement (DNS) basis but since then almost all major countries have moved to Real-Time Gross Settlement (RTGS) systems for high-value payments. They are now used widel...

The Immune System, Hiv, & Aging